When Bob Ochs and I lived together on Hillegass Avenue, we both began serious conversations with Buddhists — conversations that went far beyond even the intense inquiry for which Jesuits are well known. In the Spring of 1974, during the SAT retreat, Naranjo introduced Yogi C. M. Chen, whom he called a high tantric initiate. Ochs told me that he felt an immediate karmic connection with Master Chen.
I recall only a few things about that talk, which, frankly, puzzled me. It was interesting. Nothing was wrong, or offensive, or gibberish, but I had assumed that Chen was going to talk about the Tibetan tantra instead of listing, complaining, condemning, and crying about the number of monks and nuns Chairman Mao and the Red Guards had murdered.
Tharang Tulku had already established the Nyingma Institute on Berkeley’s Holy Hill in 1969 and was focused on teaching meditation. Although the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa for Northern India in 1959, by 1974, he was a high-ranking monk living in a North Indian Hill Station, almost totally dedicated to helping other Tibetans escape and creating an exile community. There were no crowds of Western followers. The number of Westerners undertaking monastic training was just a handful.
Master Chen told me that he fled Tibet with the 16th Karmapa in 1959 and settled in Kalimpong (but I may have the timeline mixed up). The 16th Karmapa had a significant impact on Master Chen as the sponsor of his three-year retreat. During the period that I’m calling his exile, Chen wrote “Buddhist Meditation Systematic and Practical,” with the help of Sangharakshita (Dennis Philip Edward Lingwood). He also attracted a few Western students. It was through them that he immigrated to Berkeley, California, in 1972, and moved into a small walk-up on Shattuck Avenue.
Yogi Chen, as we called him, left his wife and son and in about 1926 (or perhaps 1929). He told me that he traveled from his native Hunan Province to Eastern Tibet in search of a more authentic Buddhism than he found in Chinese (mostly reformed Chan) monasteries. Over the next 30 or more years, he undertook every major practice of all four Tibetan schools and actually practiced. He’d lived in a cave, in the charnel grounds, and did the three-year, three-month solitary retreat.
Bob Ochs began visiting Chen and assisting his practice: driving him to Timber Cove at Jenner on the California Coast, which Chen identified as the Palace of the Dragon King, or to his retreat property in Cazadero, which he claimed was the navel of the Dragon. Chen had identified these power spots using geomancy.
Chen offered three traditional Tibetan fire pujas: to the Yiddam of the God of Wealth, to the Blue Manifestation of Lord Buddha for health, and to Kurukulla, a Vajrayana goddess associated with love, enchantment, and magnetic attraction. Wealth, health, and love. He also prayed for the dead, chanting while driving through a cemetery, and "Powa," a ritual for the transference of consciousness to guide the recently deceased to a Pure Land free from suffering. He also released fish and frogs back into the wild, which was associated with long life. That covers the basics that people normally pray for. Performing these rituals for people who requested them was his practice. It seemed to me to be primitive and magical, quite far from my Ignatian spiritual exercises, but it offered me an opportunity to experience some part of esoteric Buddhism.
Bob Ochs was interested in this esoteric ritual practice. He became Chen’s assistant — a complicated affair, procuring offerings, all manner of things, flowers, incense, birthday cakes, precious stones, seeds, colored cloth, and thread; then there was the long journey to Timber Cove, or Cazadero, or a cemetery; after that was the actual preparation of the site, building the fire, or loading the boat. Bob told me that he’d hoped that participating in all these activities with Master Chen would give him a key to a deeper understanding of the mystery of the Mass. If Bob and Chen discussed this directly, he never told me about the substance of their conversations.
Bob also mentioned, almost offhand, that Chen claimed to have had visions of the Virgin Mary — and they had serious conversations about Saint Ignatius.
Bob did this for perhaps two years. I accompanied him when there was room in his car or when there was another car for other participants. Then suddenly, their relationship ended. I am unclear about the exact circumstances, but Bob, in an elliptical way, explained that perhaps Chen had understood that he was presenting himself as a serious Dharma student, but Bob was a Catholic priest and would remain a Catholic priest who was not interested in the rigorous Buddhist practice. He also didn’t know Tibetan or Chinese, and at 45, was probably not going to dedicate the years required for proficiency. Or it could have been far simpler: they were both Enneagram One. Or it might have been a cultural impasse: Chen was more comfortable in the immigrant Chinese community. (which is, by the way, where he would find his dharma hier, Dr. Yutang Lin).
I owe Bob a deep debt of gratitude: he encouraged me to visit Chen; he was the first authentic Buddhist practitioner with whom I had actual conversations. I remember standing on Shattuck Avenue at a public phone dialing the number that Bob had given me. Chen answered right away. I asked if and when I could visit. Chen replied, “Now is the appropriate time.”
I began to visit him in his one-room walk-up on Shattuck Avenue a few times a month. I liked him enormously, although I didn’t feel as strong a karmic connection with him as Bob had, or imagined he had. I decided that rather than present myself as a student, I would be a friend. Of course, I helped with the preparation for the various pujas, but I also helped him prepare for the US naturalization examination.
Over 10 years, we also talked about meditation, relationships, Tibetan Buddhism, Jesus, and Ignatius of Loyola. His answers were always straightforward and unpredictable. When I asked him for meditation instruction, he began what was to become an investigation into impermanence that lasted for two decades. I was not interested in occult ritual practice, but I still helped. I went shopping with him. I drove him to Jenner and Cazadero. The ethnic Tibetan and Chinese tangkas, statues of Buddhist yidams on old towels carefully positioned on turned-over cardboard boxes, didn’t drive me away. I enjoyed his company, our conversations in the car. I was awestruck that he could sleep in a moving car on a bumpy dirt road.
Ochs helped Chen publish several free booklets about various Buddhist topics. I also became involved in the publication of Chen’s Dharma books. After Chen died in 1987, I spent nearly 5 years editing his book on Zen, “Lighthouse in the Ocean of Chan,” from a transcription of the first English translation, studying it, and trying to straighten out the awkward English of Dr. Fa-Yen Kog, a monk from the Thervaden tradition who did the first English translation. Eventually, Chen’s dharma heir, Dr. Yutang Lin, dissatisfied with my efforts, undertook a completely new translation from Chen’s original Chinese manuscript. He thanked me for providing an English rough draft to work from, and I paid for printing the first 500 books.
At some point, Yogi Chen seemed to focus on his ethnic Chinese students, devotees, and turn away from the few Western practitioners (with one notable exception, Juan Bulnes, a Chilean whom I knew from Naranjo’s groups). When I first visited him, most of the requests came from people in Hong Kog associated with D.T. Shen, an uber wealthy Buddhist mogul who owned a huge shipping line. Later, they were mostly Taiwanese who knew Yutang Lin. I suspect that Shen had died and his support dried up.
In the early to mid-80s, after helping Chen for a week — gathering all the offerings for a fire puja to the God of Wealth, setting up, being his assistant during the burn — as we gathered around the dying embers, the time he usually gave some dharma remarks, he said, “There are so many Chinese people here today, I will speak in Chinese.” I remember being extremely offended — the wealthy Chinese owners of several gas stations in the Central Valley were offered some secret teaching that was off limits to the rest of us because we were not rich and Chinese. That marked the point at which I began to withdraw.
But Chen continued to have a profound influence on my life and practice. I no longer visited, but I knew one Western lady, also from Naranjo’s groups, who cleaned his room and acted as a kind of secretary a few days a week. He dictated thoughtful and helpful responses to my written notes and questions. My assessment: he was the real deal, and of all the religious practitioners I’d ever met, he was most likely to have had real visions of the Virgin Mary.
Yogi Chen lived in a shabby SRO hotel on Shattuck Ave. It may have even been called the Shattuck Arms or the Embassy Suites. But the residents were not grad students or junior faculty, rather indigent Hispanic day laborers, mostly people of color, sex workers, drug addicts, some with obvious mental issues, and a few retirees. Chen was equally beaming and courteous to every resident, though he avoided one or two. He told me they’d threatened him. I never felt entirely safe visiting him. I always called beforehand or came for a set appointment.
The walls had not been painted in a decade; once white, they were now brown, and there was a faint, musty odor. The shared toilet was relatively clean; it smelled of disinfectant, but it was grey and brown rather than shiny porcelain. Chen’s room was clean, but the chairs were cheap cast-off yard furniture from the nearby Goodwill Store. The piles of threadbare towels were clean. He used them for everything, even as altar cloths for the elaborate Tibetan shrine that occupied a quarter of the living space. He could have easily asked DT Shen for more money to rent a more comfortable apartment, but Chen was a true renunciate; I have met others in India. If they exist in America, I have not met them.
In 1975, when I was doing the 19th Annotation Adaptation of the Spiritual Exercises while weighing whether or not to leave the Jesuits, Chen and I had several long conversations about Ignatius and the prayer life of the Jesuits. I remember him telling me quite clearly to study Ignatius and pray to him. I think I said, Don’t worry. Our SAT group finished the last exercises of Naranjo’s version of the Arica Training, Lines and Crossing Over, which was a three-day meditation done prostrate, face down. I was more clear that I would leave the Jesuits rather than be ordained. I decided to move to San Francisco with Hal Slate, who was also in SAT, and we rented an apartment on Frederick Street with easy access to the Castro. In other words, I gave up trying to be a saint.
Yogi Chen died in 1987. I was one of only a few Westerners at his cremation in a small mortuary in El Cerrito. I was overwhelmed with emotion. I promised to return to a serious practice. I found a small neighborhood temple in the Castro and began a regular meditation practice. I met Phil Whalen and Issan Dorsey.
Within a relatively short time. I would leave the work I’d been doing for 20 years, move into a Zen community, and become the director of Maitri Hospice. It would lead to almost 30 years of serious work with the koans.
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